The first is the pictographic character for "head" (, later ), the second the character for "night", and for "black" when pronounced gíg (, later ). Right: cuneiform characters for Saĝ-gíg ( □ □), "Black Headed Ones", the native designation for the Sumerians. Left: Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler Gudea, c. 2500 BC, following a period of proto-writing c. The world's earliest known texts come from the Sumerian cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, a surplus which enabled them to form urban settlements. Like nearby Elam, it is one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Erligang culture of the Yellow River valley, Caral-Supe, and Mesoamerica. Sumer ( / ˈ s uː m ər/) is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. The coastline nearly reached Ur in ancient times. The general location on a modern map, and main cities of Sumer with ancient coastline.
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